9.2 The Maximum Entropy Principle
If the Principle of Indifference tells us what probabilities to assign given no backgroundknowledge, what is the corresponding principle for the case when one does have somebackground knowledge? Seeking to answer this question, E.T. Jaynes studied the writings of J.Willard Gibbs and drew therefrom a rule called the maximum entropy principle. Like thePrinciple of…
9.1 Probability Theory
The branch of mathematics known as probability theory provides one way of makinginferences regarding uncertain propositions. But it is not a priori clear that it is the onlyreasonable way to go about making such inferences. This is important for psychology because itwould be nice to assume, as a working hypothesis, that the mind uses…
9.0 The Perceptual Hierarchy
In accordance with the philosophy outlined in Chapter 5, I define perception as patternrecognition. Pattern recognition is, of course, an extremely difficult optimization problem. Infact, the task of recognizing all the patterns in an arbitrary entity is so hard that no algorithm cansolve it exactly — this is implied by Chaitin’s (1987) algorithmic-information-theoretic proof…
8.3 Deduction Cannot Stand Alone
When deduction is formulated in the abstract, in terms of assumptions and transformation, it isimmediately apparent that deductive reasoning is incapable of standing on its own. In isolation, itis useless. For why would there be intrinsic value in determining which x lie in D(I,T)? Whocares? The usefulness of deduction presupposes several things, none of…
19.yy Türk Edebiyatı
19. yüzyılda Divan edebiyatı ve Halk edebiyatı yüzyıllar süren etkinliklerini yitirmiş, Tanzimat Fermanı’nın ilanından sonra (19.yüzyılın ikinci yarısında) yerlerini Batı edebiyatı etkisinde gelişen Tanzimat edebiyatına bırakmıştır. 1-XIX. Yüzyıl Türk Edebiyatı a) Genel Özellikleri1- 19. yüzyılda Divan edebiyatı olarak da adlandırdığımız Klasik Türk edebiyatı etkinliğini yitirmiş, şairler kendilerinden öncekileri taklitten öte gidememiş1erdir. Ancak Enderunlu Vasıf, Yenişehirli…
8.2 Paraconsistency
Contemporary mathematical logic is not the only conceivable deductive system. In fact, Isuggest that any deductive system which relies centrally upon Boolean algebra, withoutsignificant external constraints, is not even qualified for the purpose of general mentaldeduction. Boolean algebra is very useful for many purposes, such as mathematical deduction. Iagree that it probably plays an…
8.1 The Structure of Deduction
8.0 Deduction and Analogy in Mathematics
In mathematical logic, deduction is analyzed as a thing in itself, as an entity entirelyindependent from other mental processes. This point of view has led to dozens of beautiful ideas:Godel’s Incompleteness Theorem, the theory of logical types, model theory, and so on. But itslimitations are too often overlooked. Over the last century, mathematical logic…
Japon Gucunun Sirri
Kendilerini dünyanın en yanlış anlaşılmış ve en sevilmeyen ulusu olarak tanımlayan Japonlar ülkelerini de şöyle tanımlıyorlar: " Japonya balinaya benzer. Denizde yaşar ama balık değildir, balığa benzer ama memelidir." Kendilerini tanımlamakta bile zorluk çeken böylesi bir ulusun uluslararası platformda sağladıkları gücün sırrını tanımlamakta zorlanacağımıza inanıyorum. Şüphesiz ki bir çok etkenden söz edilebilir ancak biz burada…