Let S be any system, as above. Let it and ot denote the input to and output of S at time t, respectively. That is, ot is that part of St which, if it were changed, could in certain circumstances cause an immediate change in Et+1; and it is that part of Et which,…

    As above, let us consider dynamical systems on spaces SxE, where S is the state space of asystem and E is the set of states of its environment. Such dynamical systems representcoevolving systems and environments.   We shall say that such a dynamical system contains an S.-sensitive environment to extent e ifit is S.-sensitive to…

Intuitively, a system is unpredictable if a lot of information about its past state tends to yield only a little information about its future state. There are many different ways to make this precise. Here we shall consider four different definitions of unpredictability, three of them original.    Let us consider a discrete dynamical system…

  Having just reviewed certain aspects of the psychological perspective on intelligence, it isworth observing how different the engineering perspective is. As one might expect, engineershave a much simpler and much more practical definition of intelligence.   Control theory deals with ways to cause complex machines to yield desired behaviors.Adaptive control theory deals with the design…